A name is a label that is used to distinguish one thing from another. A person’s name, for instance, comprises a set of alphabetic characters that allows a person to be individually addressed. Computers are also named to differentiate one machine from another and to allow for such activities as network communication.
Computers have always needed unique addresses to talk to each other. With the advent of the Internet, the requirements for enabling computers to communicate with each other on a network included the concept of the hostname. The hostname began as a simple string of alphanumeric characters (and possibly a hyphen) and has evolved to its current definition, where hostname means a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) that absolutely and uniquely identifies every computer hooked up to the Internet via the Domain Name Service (DNS) naming hierarchy.

The true “name” a computer needs in order to communicate on a network is actually a set of numbers. The original computers connected as the Internet used small integers as the host number. For TCP/IP, the main protocol used by the Internet, each computer has a network IP address that follows a specific set of rules to assure its uniqueness and validity. (Additionally, port numbers further specify the access points for particular services on a computer).

It has always been user friendly to associate a host name with a computer (while the computer maintained its internal numerical host number or network address). One of the initial Internet RFCs, “Standardization of Host Mnemonics” lists the table that associated host numbers with their corresponding host names for the first Internet computers. This table was kept in a file called HOST.TXT that was stored on every computer that wished to communicate.

While the original file was not so daunting at 20 entries, it became quickly apparent that this solution was not scalable or flexible enough as the number of host computers connected to the Internet exploded. In order to accommodate the problem of connecting all of the new computers being added to the Internet, a hierarchical database of host names was created called DNS. DNS associates host names with their IP addresses. A complete domain name (that is, an FQDN) includes the name of the host concatenated with its domain name. This naming convention allows for a hierarchy of domain names with the host name being the most specific (and “left-most”) part.

The rules for a host name were first standardized in the original host name specification, “DoD Internet Host Table Specification”. It states that the name should be a text string consisting of the letters A through Z (upper or lower case), digits 0 through 9, the minus sign (-), and the period (.). Note, the period is only allowed as the last character of the host name if it is the delimiter of the full domain name (FQDN). No spaces are permitted as part of a name. The first character must be an alphabetic character and the last character must not be a minus sign or period. It was also recommended that the host name be no longer than 24 characters in length. Subsequently, in "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support", the host name rules were updated. The first character could now be either a letter or a digit and software dealing with host names must handle names up to 63 characters in length.

In common usage today, hostname refers specifically to the FQDN that comprises the name of the host, a period, and the domain name. The domain name is composed of labels that begin with the top-level domain and are arranged right to left for the second and, possibly, third level labels. The host name and the domain labels are separated by periods. The total length of the hostname as an FQDN cannot exceed 255 character with each domain name label having a maximum length of 63 characters. For example, if a company’s domain name is “example.com.” and a particular computer in the company has been named “plato”, the hostname for that computer will be “plato.example.com.”. Note, that technically FQDNs end in a period to unambiguously define the hostname and to be sure that it is not part of a longer domain name. (although in common usage this final period is often omitted).

The exact rules for the new hostname definition that has evolved is also more rigorous than that of the related original host name specification. The DNS naming rules are explained in “Domain Names – Concepts and Facilities”, “Domain Names – Implementation and Specification”, and “Clarifications to the DNS Specification”.

To summarize, a hostname is a Fully Qualified Domain Name that uniquely and absolutely names a computer. It is composed of the host name and the domain name. The domain name in turn is one or more domain labels that place the computer in the DNS naming hierarchy. The host name and the domain name labels are separated by periods and the total length of the hostname cannot exceed 255 characters.

Now that the syntax of the name of the host as part of the hostname is understood, how does one choose a good name for their computer? Several web sites offer suggestions and the choice is up to the system administrator whose whimsy is only limited to the fact that no two computers in one domain space can have the same host name (because the two computers would have the same hostname!).

RFC 1178, “Choosing a Name for Your Computer” contains several guidelines on how to name—and how not to name—your computers.

A summary of sample guidelines for good host names:

Use words/names that are rarely used.
Use theme names.
Use real words.
Don't worry about reusing someone else's hostname.
There is always room for an exception.
And some sample guidelines for not so good host names:
Don't overload other terms already in common use.
Don't choose a name after a project unique to that machine.
Don't use your own name.
Don't use long names.
Avoid alternate spellings.
Avoid domain names.
Avoid domain-like names.
Don't use antagonistic or otherwise embarrassing names.
Don't use digits at the beginning of the name.
Don't use non-alphanumeric characters in a name.
Don't expect case to be preserved
As a final note, the terms “host name” and “hostname” are often used interchangeably, so be sure to clarify when the term is being used as to whether just the name of the host or the computer’s FQDN is being referenced. To see this on a Linux system, by example, the hostname command returns the FQDN while adding the –s option (i.e., hostname –s) returns just the name of the host.

A proxy server is a computer that offers a computer network service to allow clients to make indirect network connections to other network services. A client connects to the proxy server, then requests a connection, file, or other resource available on a different server. The proxy provides the resource either by connecting to the specified server or by serving it from a cache. In some cases, the proxy may alter the client's request or the server's response for various purposes.
Web proxies

A common proxy application is a caching Web proxy. This provides a nearby cache of Web pages and files available on remote Web servers, allowing local network clients to access them more quickly or reliably.

When it receives a request for a Web resource (specified by a URL), a caching proxy looks for the resulting URL in its local cache. If found, it returns the document immediately. Otherwise it fetches it from the remote server, returns it to the requester and saves a copy in the cache. The cache usually uses an expiry algorithm to remove documents from the cache, according to their age, size, and access history. Two simple cache algorithms are Least Recently Used (LRU) and Least Frequently Used (LFU). LRU removes the least-recently used documents, and LFU removes the least-frequently used documents.

Web proxies can also filter the content of Web pages served. Some censorware applications — which attempt to block offensive Web content — are implemented as Web proxies. Other web proxies reformat web pages for a specific purpose or audience; for example, Skweezer reformats web pages for cell phones and PDAs. Network operators can also deploy proxies to intercept computer viruses and other hostile content served from remote Web pages.

A special case of web proxies are "CGI proxies." These are web sites which allow a user to access a site through them. They generally use PHP or CGI to implement the proxying functionality. CGI proxies are frequently used to gain access to web sites blocked by corporate or school proxies. Since they also hide the user's own IP address from the web sites they access through the proxy, they are sometimes also used to gain a degree of anonymity.

You may see references to four different types of proxy servers:

Transparent Proxy - This type of proxy server identifies itself as a proxy server and also makes the original IP address available through the http headers. These are generally used for their ability to cache websites and do not effectively provide any anonymity to those who use them. However, the use of a transparent proxy will get you around simple IP bans. They are transparent in the terms that your IP address is exposed, not transparent in the terms that you do not know that you are using it (your system is not specifically configured to use it.)

Anonymous Proxy - This type of proxy server identifies itself as a proxy server, but does not make the original IP address available. This type of proxy server is detectable, but provides reasonable anonymity for most users.

Distorting Proxy - This type of proxy server identifies itself as a proxy server, but make an incorrect original IP address available through the http headers.

High Anonymity Proxy - This type of proxy server does not identify itself as a proxy server and does not make available the original IP address.

Every device connected to the public Internet is assigned a unique number known as an Internet Protocol (IP) address. IP addresses consist of four numbers separated by periods (also called a 'dotted-quad') and look something like 127.0.0.1.
Since these numbers are usually assigned to internet service providers within region-based blocks, an IP address can often be used to identify the region or country from which a computer is connecting to the Internet. An IP address can sometimes be used to show the user's general location.

Because the numbers may be tedious to deal with, an IP address may also be assigned to a Host name, which is sometimes easier to remember. Hostnames may be looked up to find IP addresses, and vice-versa. At one time ISPs issued one IP address to each user. These are called static IP addresses. Because there is a limited number of IP addresses and with increased usage of the internet ISPs now issue IP addresses in a dynamic fashion out of a pool of IP addresses (Using DHCP). These are referred to as dynamic IP addresses. This also limits the ability of the user to host websites, mail servers, ftp servers, etc. In addition to users connecting to the internet, with virtual hosting, a single machine can act like multiple machines (with multiple domain names and IP addresses).

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The term RSS is short for Really Simple Syndication. Before RSS feeds were available, in order to keep up with certain web sites a person had to book mark the web site and check in every other day or so to see if anything had been changed. If someone has several web sites that they want to keep tabs on, it is easily confusing and some web sites could be overlooked when checking others. And for those sites that don't get updated regularly, it's a waste of time to check them. RSS feeds took those hassles away by sending updated content to various feed readers or to people's email inbox. This way, if someone has several web sites they're interested in, the information is sent to them directly, rather than having to hunt it down themselves.

Web site content that uses RSS include blogs, news headlines, video and audio clips. In order to view an RSS feed the user will need a feed reader. Such readers include MyYahoo, Google Reader, an Bloglines. Some computer programs such as Windows, Windows Outlook and Mozilla Thunderbird include feed readers as part of their program. If a person finds a blog or a news site that the want to keep up to date on, they need to locate how to subscribe to the feed. This can be found two ways, either on the site itself, or in the web browser. To subscribe on the site, web page designers add small icons usually on the front page that has several icons distinguishing different feed readers. These are links to click in order to sign up to receive updates. These links have various names, XML, RSS, and ATOM are a few. Find the icon for the RSS reader you use and click on it.

Sometimes the feed will be added directly to the reader, other times the user needs to confirm the request. Once this is done, updates will start being delivered. Subscribing to a feed through web browsers such as Firefox and Safari, is an option as well. Where you type in a web address, there's an RSS icon on the right side of the URL box. When that icon is first clicked, that will bring the person to a page that has them select the feed reader of their choice.

If the person finds another site he wants to subscribe to, that icon will automatically sign up on the chosen reader. It is also possible to have feeds sent directly to your email. This isn't always an option, but sometimes under the feed reader icons there's a subscribe box where you can send in your email address and have updates sent to your inbox. To prevent updates being sent to the spam or bulk folder in your email program, it's best to add the site's email address to your address book. This way, updates won't be missed. There are so many ways to keep up to date on current news and events from the computer. It's much more convenient to have information sent to you directly rather than having to hunt it down

What is RSS? It is a feed or a web feed that is used to publish frequently updated pages like blogs, news, audio web pages etc. The data format used here is XML. It has been evolving since March 2009. It is in the recent days that it is widely used.
RSS came in three versions. RSS 0.91 was called Rich Site Summary. RSS 0.9 and 1.0 was called RDF Site Summary. RSS 2.0 was called Really Simple Syndication.

As far the evolution goes, there were several attempts before RSS that was not widespread. Meta Content Framework was developed by Ramanathan. V. Guha et al in Apple Computer’s Advanced Technology group, by restructuring information.
The RSS 0.9 version was created by Guha at Netscape in March 1999 to be used in My.Netscape.Com portal. The version RSS 0.91 was created by Dan Libby simplifying the format by removing the RDF elements. IT incorporated News Syndication format by Dave Winer. Dan Libby renamed RSS to “Rich Site Summary”.

For eight years, Netscape did not participate in the evolution of RSS as it dropped RSS support to My.Netscape.Com in April 2001. AOL was the new owners of the company and they were restructuring it. There were a couple of entities called the RSS-DEV working group and Winer whose UserLand Software published tools outside Netscape that could read and write RSS. UserLand filed for a trademark registration inside U.S. It failed to satisfy USPTO request of the examiner and hence the proposal was rejected.

Guha and the representatives of O’Reilly Media started working on a project called the RSS-DEV working group. It produced RSS 1.0 in December 2000. It took the name RDF site summary and supported RDF and XML name spaces from metadata such as Dublin Corel

Winer released RSS0.9 which involved audio to be introduced in the feeds. It sparked on Pod casting. Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0) was released by Winer in September 2002, which was a totally new format. It removed the “type’ attribute and added namespace support/

Meanwhile due to the controversies of creation a new product called Alternative Syndication format (Atom) was formed. It is the proposed RFC 1287 format. RSS 2.0’s copyright specification was given to Harvard’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society. Winer, with Brent Simmons and Jon Udel started an RSS advisory board to answer questions bout the format.
In December 2005, The Microsoft Internet Explorer and Outlook team adopted the feed icon followed by Opera software. Thus, the commonly used symbol of an Orange box with white Radio waves came in to existence as the industry standard.
Rogers Cadenhead relaunched the RSS Advisory Board without Dave Winer in January 2006.It was done so that the development of RSS format was continued resolving ambiguities. In June 2007, board confirmed that the core elements with name space attributes were to be extended

RSS is an abbreviation that has evolved into the following, depending on their versions:

• RDF Site Summary (also known as RSS 0.9; the first version of RSS)
• Rich Site Summary (also known as RSS 0.91; a prototype)
• Really Simple Syndication (also known as RSS 2.0)

Today, RSS stands for 'Really Simple Syndication', and it has the following 7 existing formats or versions:

• 0.90
• 0.91
• 0.92
• 0.93
• 0.94
• 1.0
• 2.0

RSS tools refer to a group of file formats that are designed to share headlines and other web content (this may be a summary or simply 1 to 2 lines of the article), links to the full versions of the content (the full article or post), and even file attachments such as multimedia files. All of these data is delivered in the form of an XML file (XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language), which has the following common names:

• RSS feed
• Webfeed
• RSS stream
• RSS channel


They are typically shown on web pages as an orange rectangle that usually has the letters XML or RSS in it.

RSS feeds can be used to deliver any kind of information. Some of these 'feeds' include:

• Blogs feed - each blog entry is summarized as a feed item. This makes blog posts easier to scan, enabling 'visitors' to zoom in on their items of interest.

• Article feed - this alerts readers whenever there are new articles and web contents available.

• Forum feed - this allows users to receive forum posts and latest discussion topics.

• Schedule feed - this allows users (such as schools, clubs, and other organizations) to broadcast events and announce schedule changes or meeting agendas.

• Discounts or Special feed - this is used to enable users (such as retail and online stores) to 'deliver' latest specials and discounted offers.

• Ego or News Monitoring - this enables users to receive 'filtered' headlines or news that are based on a specific phrase or keyword.

• Industry-specific feed - used by technical professionals in order to market, promote, or communicate with current (and prospective) customers and clients within their specific industries.

RSS feeds enable people to track numerous blogs and news sources at the same time. To produce an RSS feed, all you need is the content or the article that you want to publicize and a validated RSS text file. Once your text file is registered at various aggregators (or 'news readers'), any external site can then capture and display your RSS feed, automatically updating them whenever you update your RSS file.

RSS tools are useful for sites that add or modify their contents on a regular basis. They are especially used for 'web syndication' or activities that involve regular updates and/or publications, such as the following:

• News websites - as used by major news organizations such as Reuters, CNN, and the BBC.
• Marketing
• Bug reports
• Personal weblogs

There are many benefits to using RSS feeds. Aside from being a great supplemental communication method that streamlines the communication needs of various sectors, RSS tools and feeds can also have tremendous benefits in your business, particularly in the field of internet marketing.

RSS tools and feeds provide Internet users with a free (or cheap) and easy advertising or online marketing opportunity for their businesses. Below are some of the RSS features that can help make your internet marketing strategies more effective.

1. Ease in content distribution services. With RSS, your business can be captured and displayed by virtually any external site, giving you an easy way to 'spread out' and advertise them.

2. Ease in regular content updates. With RSS, web contents concerning your business can now be automatically updated on a daily (and even hourly) basis. Internet users will be able to experience 'real time' updates as information in your own file (such as new products and other business-related releases) is changed and modified simultaneously with that of the RSS feeds that people are subscribed to.

3. Custom-made content services. With RSS, visitors can have personalized content services, allowing them total control of the flow and type of information that they receive. Depending on their interests and needs, visitors can subscribe to only those contents that they are looking for (such as real estate or job listings).

4. Increase in (and targeted) traffic. With RSS, traffic will be directed to your site as readers of your content summary (or 1 to 2 lines of your article) who find them interesting are 'forced' to click on a link back to your site.

These are just several of the many things that you can do with RSS. The possibilities are endless, and they are all aimed at providing you with an effective internet marketing strategy for your business.

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